Genotype to phenotype: a complex problem.

Study of Kell blood group genotype in alloimmiunized thalassemia patients

Abstract Background and Objectives Alloimmunization is the most serious problem in thalassemia patients and Anti-K is the most prevalent antibody in these patients. So accurate identification of this antigen can significantly decrease the rate of alloimmunization. Serological phenotyping is usually not reliable in multi-transfused patients. Molecular genotyping can overcome limitations of hema...

Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis

COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence th...

Chromosome Duplication (14q) and The Genotype Phenotype Correlation

kidd blood group genotyping in alloimmunized thallasemia patients

Abstract Background and Objectives Hemagglutination has limitations in identifying the phenotype of patients who have been recently transfused due to the presence of donor red cells (RBCs) in the patient’s circulation. Kidd blood group is one of the most important blood groups in transfusion medicine and related antibodies are responsible for one third of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactio...

Complex Adaptations and the Evolution of Evolvability

1 One may wonder, ...] how complex organisms evolve at all. They seem to have so many genes, so many multiple or pleiotropic eeects of any one gene, so many possibilities for lethal mutations in early development, and all sorts of problems due to their long development. Abstract: The problem of complex adaptations is studied in two largely disconnected research traditions: evolutionary biology ...

Perspective: Complex Adaptations and the Evolution of Evolvability.

The problem of complex adaptations is studied in two largely disconnected research traditions: evolutionary biology and evolutionary computer science. This paper summarizes the results from both areas and compares their implications. In evolutionary computer science it was found that the Darwinian process of mutation, recombination and selection is not universally effective in improving complex...